Writers Inventory Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writers Inventory Letter - Essay Example Also, I have discovered that choosing topics is not as difficult as I initially found it to be – it needs creativity in many cases. One thing that I have never quite learned is how to make transitions when introducing new ideas. The use of connectors such as â€Å"so †¦ that, although, no sooner †¦than and thought† have proved to be quite challenging. Similarly, incorporating quotes and citing other people’s works in my writing has remained a challenge – maybe because I haven’t learned how to use some punctuations marks. Although my grammar has improved, I know I have quite a lot to do still. For example many times I misspell words that look so simple. Because my grammar is still inadequate, I often lack words to use in place of others. I will try reading more literature to learn more words and how to use them. I need to learn how to keep to the topic as I write. In many occasions, I have presented irrelevant information and far exceeded or presented inadequate material. I may start writing well but somewhere along the line I go off topic. I tend to use so many words to explain even simple concepts. I hope to work on these weaknesses. I will have to practice more to stick to the topic. I also want to thank you for being so helpful to me and to the whole of our class.

Mandatory Assessment is not the Same as Mandatory Mediation, but Both Essay

Mandatory Assessment is not the Same as Mandatory Mediation, but Both Concepts Undermine the Family Mediation Process - Essay Example In family law, mandatory mediation can be defined as a situation whereby couples are instructed by a court to resolve a dispute by attending meetings with a mediator..The essence of the meetings is to help couple to reach a compromise deal on the disputed issue. Court mandated mediation is envisaged to be a facilitated negotiation by the aggrieved parties through a mediator to unravel the underlying issues and possibly reach a fair settlement. In the United Kingdom, mandatory mediation can either be categorical or discretionary. Categorical mandatory mediation refers to cases whereby statutes provide that certain cases must undergo Alternative Dispute Resolution while discretionary mediation refers to cases where the presiding judge decides the cases the should undergo mediation. On the other hand, mandatory assessment is the continuous process of gathering information from various sources to help evaluate the most appropriate strategies for achieving the well being of the child and safety. The process of mandatory assessment involves a court appointed assessor who is required to work with the concerned family to assess the conditions on the ground. The assessor can also seek information from other sources deemed necessary and after the evaluation, the final report given to the court is critical in reaching the final judgment. Although mandatory assessment and mandatory mediation are different, both are compulsory dispute resolution modes aided by a third party. The report analyzes the impacts of the mandatory assessment and mandatory mediation in the context of family law. After evaluation of these effects, it is clear that these processes undermine the family mediation process instead of helping in the dispute resolution. Particularly, these concepts go against the fundamental principal of voluntary resolution of disputes and are also counterproductive especially in issues involving domestic violence. From this perspective, these mandatory processes may actua lly introduce new complications in the justice system on top of those already caused by the traditional system. Non Voluntary Nature The principal argument against mandatory assessment and mandatory mediation is that they impinge on the right to self determination. Mediation is a voluntary decision making process and every individual has the right to self determination. Hence the term â€Å"mandatory mediation† is itself oxymoronic. Coercion into mediation leads into serious reservations concerning the mediation process itself and its outcome. It has been argued that if couples are coerced into mediation, then there is a high probability that they may be coerced within the mediation itself1. She further opines that the preceding stages to mediation are a determinant of the direction that the mediation will take. Once a couple has entered into the mandatory mediation process, there is a high expectation placed upon them to reach an agreement. According to Hayes, the heavy expe ctation to reach an agreement may alter the meaning of mediation to the aggrieved parties. In the seminal cased Halsey v. Milton Keynes., [2009] EWCA 15, [2009]2, the court decided that â€Å" to oblige truly unwilling parties to refer their disputes to mediation would be to impose an unacceptable obstruction on their right of access to courts.† This court ruling shows that indeed there is a great controversy over the implementation of mandatory mediati

Creditor and Debtor Relationship in Contract Law

Creditor and Debtor Relationship in Contract Law For an agreement to become binding, the parties must show that they supplied consideration; Currie v. Misa (1875)[1], and such consideration may exist of either in some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the other. In simple terms, it means that each party must do or give something in return, for what is acquired from the other party. Thus, if a party wishes to sue upon an agreement, it must first show that they themselves provided some form of consideration to the other; Tweddle v Atkinson (1861)[2].   Hence, consideration is an integral component for the implementation of contracts. Pollack, provides a simpler explanation; that it is an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable[3]. And, it is this very definition which Lord Dunedin emb raced in the House of Lords (HOL), in Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd (1915)[4], a seminal case on the issue of consideration. Consequently, it begs to reason that a promise to forbear part of your consideration, as final settlement, does not make much sense in light of Mr. Pollacks definition. Yet, Sir Edward Coke, created a common law exception in Pinnels Case (1602)[5] that where a debtor promises to provide, as final settlement of the debt, a lower sum which the creditor accepts, will only be binding, provided that the creditor accrues some extra benefit, for the loss suffered. This case was affirmed by Baron Alderson in Sibree v Tripp (1846)[6], on the basis that only where the debtor is bound to do something more than what he was already bound to do, in the original contract, can his part payment be considered acceptable. These extra elements, ranged from providing the debt at an earlier date, to providing chattel instead of money and lastly, providing the debt at another location[7], then the one prescribed in the original agreement. The rule in Pinnel was later applied by the HOL in Foakes v. Beer (1 884)[8], where the court upheld the claim of the debtor for the remaining balance of the sum owed, despite, the existence of a promise by the debtor to forgo the balance. The court reiterated that a promise to forgo part of a debt owed cannot itself form enough consideration, to withhold the debtor form exercising his strict legal right. This approach was recently adopted in Re Selectmove Ltd (1995)[9], where the COA held that a reiterated promises to do the same, which you are already bound to do, can only amount to valid consideration if the other party was to receive a practical benefit. These cases opened the gates on the issue of the creditor and debtor relationship and how the law of contract gradually eased its restrictions on debtors. Slowly, yet gradually, equity came to the rescue of the debtors, thus, in the process creating exception to the principles founded in Pinnel. But for the time being where a debtor does not provide an added benefit for his part payment, and the creditor accepts the lesser sum; surely common law, as per the decision in Pinnel Foakes; would not bar the creditor from enforcing his strict legal right, post acceptance of the lesser sum. This very question was the focus of the case, Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877)[10]; where the equitable doctrine of promissory estoppel came into existence; and subsequently revived, some 70 years later, in the Dicta of Lord Denning as a recognized principle of equity; Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd (1947)[11]. Hughes involved a tenant, who under contractual obligation, was obliged to keep the premises, in his possession in good repair. The landlord, served the tenant a notice 6 months prior to the termination of the lease; but nearing the end of the lease, negotiations took place between the parties and the tenant informed the landlord that they will not carry out the repair, in the meantime. By the end of the lease, the landlord, claiming that the tenant had not carried out to repair the premises, forfeited the lease. The HOL, applying the principles of equity, held that the landlords behavior implied a promise for the tenants to halt repair till the time the negotiation finished. Thus, the HOL, saw that the time of the 6 months notice ran from the date when the negotiations between the parties finished. Lord Cairns explained that the decision stood for the proposition that where parties, bound by contractual obligation, enter negotiations, their strict legal rights would be held in abeya nce[12]; thus, any party reverting to their strict legal rights would be estoppeled from doing so. This equitable principle saw new heights, in the hand of Lord Denning, often criticized for expanding the principle out of its conventional limits; in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd (1947)[13]. The claimant, a landlord, leased part of his property to the defendant; however, war broke out, thus, both parties renegotiated the contracts rent, on temporary basis, till the war lasted. However, once the war ended, the claimant, brought an action against the defendant for the balance of the payment; as agreed upon in the original lease and the reversion to the original rent for the future. Lord Denning, allowed the claimants plea that the rent should revert back to as originally negotiated between the parties, as before the war. He found that, although for the time of suspension, i.e. the time of the war; there existed no consideration for the debtor to accepted the reduced sum. But, he said that the debtor would be obliged due to the equitable principle, which sta tes that a promise intended to be binding, intended to be acted on and in fact acted on, is binding so far as its terms properly apply[14]. In fact, what Denning had done was expand the limits which Hughes had set. Hughes only talk about the suspension of rights, but in High Trees, Denning takes this a bit further, relying on equity, that once a debtor accepts part payment and the creditor relies on the promise; this act destroys the debtors right to recover the rest. Nonetheless, Lord Denning distinguished the decision in High Trees with Foakes on the grounds that a plea of estoppel needs to be specially raised, which was never done in Foakes. Irrespectively, in essence the real implication of this decision was that it was in direct contradiction with Foakes, which restricted part payment of a debt as bad consideration; Hughes, which held that estoppel could not be used to variate the terms of the contract, unless there existed some new consideration to support such variation. In reality, Lord Denning was, often criticized for his expansion of the doctrine, although which remains to be the law. Elizabeth Cooke, claims that Lord Dennings notion of promissory estoppel, single handedly, tries to abolish the debtors strict legal right to recover[15]. Secondly, Denning in High Trees, was also disliked for ignoring the rule in Jorden v. Money (1845)[16] which held that grounds for an estoppel can only be assumed for current or preceding facts, not to those facts which relate to some future conduct. Although, the decision of Jorden is subject to many exceptions; the rule in Hughes being one as well; Lord Denning maintained that High Tress could also be views as an exception to Jorden; thereby beckoning equity as to disallow a party to revert on a promise, once the other party relies on that promise. A few years after the decision in High Trees, Coombe v Coombe [1951][17] illuminated that the doctrine can only be used as a defense to a claim, not the other way around, as the basis for a claim; thus limiting its scope, in equity. However, Lord Denning, in Coombe, did reiterate the position he maintained in High Trees and said that a creditor is not allowed to enforce a debt which he has deliberately agreed to waive if the debtor has carried on business or in some other way changed his position in reliance  [18] of the creditors promise. This case illuminated the factor of reliance as a decider in case of promissory estoppel. Consequently, HOL in Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten Electric Co Ltd (1955) acknowledged Dennings estoppel, and encouraged the view that the doctrine could establish rights, without consideration, based on reliance. The issue involved a manufacturer, who under license of a Patent, produced a certain number of goods. During the war, both parties agreed in letting go of their rights to compensation and awaited new negotiation, at the conclusion of the war. Once, the war settled, the patent owners, on breaking down of negotiations, claimed for the compensation which would have been due from the time that the war finished. The HOL held that the assurance to suspend rights was binding during the period of the war and the owners could, on giving reasonable notice to the manufacture, revert to their old legal regime. Thus, the court established that promissory estoppel merely suspends the rights of the debtor; and only, if the creditor can establish that he could not resume his p revious position; then only can, promissory estoppel suspends that right, completely. Thus, Lord Denning MR, in D C Builders v Rees (1965)[19] dismissing the appeal of the defendants stated that it is worth noticing that the principle may be applied not only so as to suspend strict legal rights but also so as to preclude the enforcement of them, thus reinforcing the idea that promissory estoppel may in certain circumstance extinguish rights all together. He added that, consequently, a creditor may only be restricted from enforcing his strict legal right where it would be inequitable for him to insist upon them[20]. Similarly, Lord Denning, expanding the purview of the doctrine, was reported in Alan Co. Ltd V El Nasr Import Co,[21] stating that the only requisite for the establishment of the doctrine was the fact that one was induced in believing that the other party would not revert back to their strict legal rights. Nonetheless, it must be noted that the HOL has still, yet to date, to give their approval on the doctrine of promissory estoppel. However, in a recent case, Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd [2007] [22]; Arden LJ makes a number of points, enforcing the views established by Lord Denning. She said that where a creditor settles in accepting part payment as full sum, and the debtor pay the part payment, in reliance of the creditors promise; the creditor will be estoppeled from reverting to his strict legal right. Howeve r, interestingly, vindicating the Dictas of Lord Denning in High Trees[23], she stated that because reversion by the creditor would be inequitable; such a move on his part would have the effect of extinguishing his right to the remainder of the debt. Although, it seems that part payment of a debt has became an exception to the rule of consideration, it remains to be seen what stance the HOL would take on the matter. Interestingly, Alexander Trukhtanov[24], argues that Ardens approach is flawed, as it portray the idea that the creditor must establish real reliance, before equity helps, by way of promissory estoppel. He claims that the doctrine of promissory estoppel developed as an answer to the harshness of the rule in Foakes, and the application of this equitable doctrine is not the solution; because any modification to these rules, according to him, requires the legislatures intervention. As far, as the Australian legal system is concerned; they aptly adopted promissory estoppel within their legal system; Waltons Stores v Maher[25], to the extent of recognizing detrimental reliance; where the debtors reliance on the creditors promise causes him to suffer a detriment, it obliges as enough evidence to restrict the creditor from enforcing his strict legal rights. It remains to be seen how the UK legislature views and adopts or either reject, this doctrine. Nevertheless, the legislature must remember the importance of such principles, as correctly stated in Crabb V. Arun DC (1976)[26] that equity comes in to mitigate the rigours of strict lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Practically speaking, the doctrine of promisor estoppel, is no more than a blessing for debtors, entrapped under debt to their creditor. In conclusion, it seems hard to imagine that, what started as an exception in Hughes, by the help of Lord Denning approach, became a whole new exception to the fact of consideration , and its effects on the enforceability of contracts. (2342 Words) Bibliography Books Articles Casebook on Contract Law by Jill Poole, 13th edition Textbook on Contract Law by Jill Poole, 13th edition. The Modern Law of Estoppel by Elizabeth Cooke (2000). Pollock on Contracts, 8th edition. Foakes v Beer: reform of the common law at the expense of equity By Alexander Trukhtanov, (2008) 124 LQR 364, 366-367. Cases Alan Co. Ltd V El Nasr Import Co. (1972) 2 QB 18 Central London Property Trust v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130 Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 1329 Coombe v Coombe [1951] 2 KB 215 Crabb V. Arun DC (1976) 1 Ch 179 Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153 D C Builders v Rees (1965) 2 QB 617 Foakes v Beer [1884] UKHL 1 Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 439. Jorden v. Money (1845) 5 H.L.C 185 Pinnels Case (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd [1915] AC 847 Selectmove Ltd, Re [1993] EWCA Civ 8 Sibree v Tripp (1846) 15 M W 23 Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B S 393 Vanbergen v St Edmund Properties [1933] 2 KB 223. Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher [1988] HCA 7 High Court of Australia [1] Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153 [2] Tweddle v Atkinson (1861) 1 B S 393 [3] Pollock on Contracts, 8th ed., p. 175. [4] Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd [1915] AC 847 [5] Pinnels Case (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a [6] Sibree v Tripp (1846) 15 M W 23 [7] Vanbergen v St Edmund Properties [1933] 2 KB 223. [8] Foakes v Beer [1884] UKHL 1 [9] Selectmove Ltd, Re [1993] EWCA Civ 8 [10] Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 439. [11] Central London Property Trust v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130. [12] Ibid at 10 [13] Ibid at 11 [14] Ibid [15] The Modern Law of Estoppel by Elizabeth Cooke (2000) [16] Jorden v. Money (1845) 5 H.L.C 185 [17] Coombe v Coombe [1951] 2 KB 215 [18] Ibid [19] D C Builders v Rees (1965) 2 QB 617 [20] Ibid [21] Alan Co. Ltd V El Nasr Import Co. (1972) 2 QB 18 [22] Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 1329 [23] Ibid Para. 42 [24] Alexander Trukhtanov, Foakes v Beer: reform of the common law at the expense of equity (2008) 124 LQR 364, 366-367 [25] Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher [1988] HCA 7 High Court of Australia [26] Crabb V. Arun DC (1976) 1 Ch 179

Socratic Citizenship as Salve to the Antinomy of Rules and Values :: Plato Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Socratic Citizenship as Salve to the Antinomy of Rules and Values It is not inconceivable that Plato would view the enforcement of rigid laws as a â€Å"noble lie† (Rep112)—noble as a guarantor of order in a just city, but misleading in its pretense of infallibility. The Crito, the Apology, and the Republic capture the tension in Plato’s work between a commitment to substantive justice and to formalist legal justice. In a system of substantive justice, rules are flexible and act as â€Å"maxims of efficiency† (Unger 90), proxies of justice and virtue. The system of formalist legal justice secures order and stability with rigid rules while risking miscarriages of particularity. This paper, then, is about Plato’s noble lie. Roberto Unger’s Knowledge and Politics provides an invaluable lens for examining Plato’s discussion of law and justice in the Republic, the Apology and the Crito. In the Republic, Plato sketches the outlines of a just, ordered city-state. The Apology presents Socrates’ defense against an unjust accusation before the court of law. The Crito sees Socrates accept his unjust sentencing to death and defend the rule of law. Unger’s work helps distill from these Platonic works a coherent platform of substantive justice and a critique of a formalist theory of adjudication. Moreover, while Unger’s arguments arrive in the context of a critique of liberal political theory, Plato nevertheless offers a response to Unger’s main critique of substantive justice, the â€Å"antinomy of rules and values† (91). The idea of Socratic citizenship, gleaned from the Apology and the Crito, seeks to resolve this antinomy. Roberto Unger examines substantive justice in Knowledge and Politics in the context of legislation and adjudication. Unger defines substantive justice as a mode of ordering human relations which determines goals and, independently of rules, decides â€Å"particular cases by a judgment of what decision is most likely to contribute to the predetermined goals, a judgment of instrumental rationality† (89). In the Republic, Socrates evokes the principles of substantive justice in his verbal creation of the ideal Greek city-state. In book IV, Socrates locates the ends of the ideal city-state in the four virtues: courage, temperance, wisdom and justice. Books I and II of the Republic deliver a scathing indictment against a formalist theory of adjudication. Formalist legal justice assumes that it is â€Å"possible to deduce correct judgments from the laws by an automatic process† (92) without reference to the purpose or end of the law.

Atlantic Computers Case Analysis Essay

1. Stick with company tradition by charging only for hardware and give the PESA software tool away for free. As can be seen in Exhibit 2, there is a noticeable difference between basic servers running with and without the PESA software. This difference would cater directly to those customers in the file-sharing application and web-server segments of the market. Currently, as the Tronn would be competing directly with the rival company’s Zink server, which is priced at $1,700 as opposed to the Tronn’s $2,000, customer’s would assume that the Zink is better value as it costs less, despite the fact that the price shows a 40% mark-up over Tronn’s 30% mark-up. By offering the PESA software tool as part of the overall package, Tronn could add a value advantage over Zink, as they do not offer a software tool which enhances the performance of the server. However, as aforementioned, the customers using the basic servers would benefit most from the PESA software, rather than the high-performance servers. According to Exhibit 1, the majority of units sold are those of the high-performance servers. 2. Charge a price equal to what the customer would pay for four Ontario Zink servers. The case states that Ontario’s Zink servers dominate the basic server segment, and therefore the introduction of the Tronn server would mean that the two companies would be competing directly against one another. Further, Ontario holds a supply-chain advantage over Atlantic, in that they ensure that their products are widely available to all consumers, e.g. the majority of their sales are generated online. However, when loaded with the PESA software, Tronn’s servers run at an efficiency of 4 times faster than their standard speed. The option suggests that the Tronn, when loaded with the PESA software, should be valued at four times as much as the Zink server, as it would be performing at the same standard. This would price the Tronn at $6,800. While a price this high would indeed generate revenue, it must be considered that the Tronn is a new product entering the market. Without appropriate marketing, the consumer would be unaware of the benefits of using the Tronn and thus would opt for the much cheaper option, Zink. This strategy is called skimming. In order to be successful, Atlantic would have to ensure that consumers are aware of the significant product differentiation between the Tronn and the Zink servers (i.e. The PESA software). 3. Charge a price based on a cost-plus approach to pricing PESA (based on software tool’s development costs). As stated above, the cost-plus approach is Atlantic’s standard pricing strategy. In the case, Atlantic is said to have production restraints and therefore will only be able to produce a certain number of Tronn servers in the near term. For example, if Atlantic can sell all of its projected units in the first three years, they are looking at selling 212,000 units in total. In the first year, the percentage of market share rises by 4%, meaning that the total number of Tronn servers sold was 2,000. In the second year, the percentage rises by 9%, giving a total of 6,300 servers sold. In the third year, this raises to 14% and 12,880 servers sold. Of these 21,180 servers, assume that only half are loaded with PESA software, giving us 10,590 servers with the software in total over the three years. The development costs of the PESA software totalled $2,000,000,000. In order to cover the development costs of the software in the first three years, Atlantic would have to price the software at $189. If we assume the Tronn server without the software costs $1,538 to produce, and the PESA is to be included in the sales price, we are looking at a $1,727 production cost. Adding a mark-up of 30%, the sales price of the Tronn and PESA (Atlantic bundle) would be $2,245.10. 4. Charge a price based on value-in-pricing. In order to calculate a total savings price, it is necessary to determine the calculations of a few other items. Also, in these calculations, we will assume that the Tronn server is valued at $2,000. Firstly, considering that one Tronn server loaded with the PESA software is performs to the same standard as four Zink servers, it can be said that a saving of $1,600 per annum can be had by purchasing just one Tronn as opposed to 4 Zink servers. Secondly, annual electricity savings are equal to $250. Third, the cost of application software licenses is equal to $750 per year. Finally, if a server administrator earns $80,000 per year and the number of servers one can manage is 40, labour cost savings are $2,000 per year. The total savings can be added to achieve $4,600 per year. In a quick summary of the above, the following can be noted: * In Option 1, the price of the Tronn and PESA software tool would be $2,000. * In Option 2, the price of the Tronn and PESA software tool would be $6,800. * In Option 3, the price of the Tronn and PESA software tool would be $2,245.10. * In Option 4, the savings of purchasing the Tronn and PESA software tool would be $4,600. I believe that Option 1 would not be an intelligent strategy for Jowers to use. Without charging for the PESA software, the company will find themselves struggling to pay off the costs of developing the tool in the first place. This means they would have to sell more units in the first three years than what they originally projected, giving the company unrealistic sales assumptions and in my opinion, they would ultimately suffer profit losses. I also consider Option 2 to be a bad choice of strategy. While one Tronn server, in conjunction with the PESA tool can indeed perform to the power of four Zink servers, it would be foolish to price the Tronn at the equivalent of this. A price of $6,800 for just one server is too much for a consumer to consider paying, especially for a product that is new into an already established market. Serious marketing and clear differentiation would be required to ensure the success of this strategy, both of which can be very time-consuming and costly. While Option 4 shows a significant number in savings, I would recommend that Option 3, the cost-plus pricing strategy be used in launching the Atlantic Bundle into the basic-server consumer market. As stated in the case, Atlantic Computers is already a strong player in the high performance servers segment, but due to the consistent growth of the internet, the new market of basic servers is emerging. Jowers discovered that one of the main reasons that Atlantic succeeded in the high performance severs market was by product differentiation. This is a large factor in the Tronn’s appeal to the basic server segment, as it also comes with the PESA software tool, something that Zink computers does not have. However, Ontario Computers competes mainly on price, due to the fact that they are able to sell their products online and therefore cut costs in other areas. Despite this, I believe that with Atlantic emerging into the market with a superior product, they will be able to compete successfully. According to Atlantic Computers general consensus, they do not usually charge extra for software tools. However, the importance of the PESA tool must be made known to the sales force. Firstly, without charging extra for the tool, the company will struggle to generate enough revenue in the first three years to pay of the development costs of the product. Furthermore, Jowers followed the status quo and used cost-plus pricing to determine the value of the software, and after adding that cost onto the production costs of the Tronn itself and also adding a 30% mark-up, the total bundle only cost $245.10 more than the Tronn would cost on its own. Emphasis should also be put on the fact that one Tronn server loaded with the PESA software tool, which was valued at $2,245.10, performed to the equivalency of four basic Zink servers, which in total would be valued at $6,800. This shows a $4554.90 saving for customers who choose to purchase the Atlantic Bundle over the required four Zink servers for the same performance. With Jowers given the opportunity to talk with prospective buyers at the trade show, he will also have the chance to explain the features and benefits of purchasing the Atlantic Bundle himself as well as obtaining firsthand consumer feedback on the products. According to the case, the CEO of Ontario Computers states, â€Å"Our business model is not to be the leading innovator on product technology. Rather, our business model is to provide leading technology to customers via the most flexible and innovative supply chain strategy possible†. The company achieved this by managing to cut their costs through distributing their products online and thus were able to offer their product for a much cheaper price than Atlantic Computers. In retaliation to the introduction of the Tronn in the market, Ontario Computer will most likely continue to base their business model on operational excellence and continue to search for ways to compete on price. Another consequence could be the company developing a software tool of their own to compete directly with the PESA tool. If this was to happen, it could pose a threat to Atlantic Computers in that Ontario would still most likely be capable of competing on price, giving them the competitive advantage. However, if Atlantic manages to establish their brand before their competition gets a chance to retaliate, they should have no problem holding onto their market share and consumer segment.

Mobile phone Essay

Mobile phone is a good technology which is not lacking from our lives. This report will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using mobile phones. Today, mobile phone has become popular to everybody since it is very convenient. The most advantage of having a mobile phone is you can communicate to your family and your friends no matter what where you are. For instance, you can contact easily to your friends by calling or sending messages everywhere without electricity. It is maybe the main reason why almost all people today choose to own a mobile phone. From the customer’s point of view, it is obvious that mobile phones assist you in business a lot, such as, make schedule of working, surf the internet, and keep in touch with their companies. Moreover, you can relax with mobile phone’s applications, for example, play games, listen to music, or chat with your friends. On the other hand, there are also disadvantages. Using a lot mobile phone can harm your brain, particularly teenager and children who are under 16 years old. If you use mobile phones too much, you will get bad effects like dizzy, blood-brain barrier, or ears problems. In addition, when you use mobile phones while you are driving, you will get an accident. It is essential not good for you and others. Moreover, â€Å"radiations emitted from the phone are dead harmful for the eardrum†, has proved by many scientist. Owning a mobile phone in your hand is you can solve many issues and hold most of information around the world. Even though is not good for your health and you have to protect yourself from bad effects of mobile phones if you choose to have one. P/s: Plz help me to correct this essay since next week i’m going to do final exam. How can i reduce this essay because i should write from 150 to 180 words and this essay has about 291 words. Thank you for helping me. It used to be that to cheat on a test, you had to either wait for the teacher to leave and then ask your neighbor, to chance passing a note, or to take the time the night or morning before to write the answers on an inconspicuous part of your body. Now, with the advent of text messaging, students can text each other the answers. This is made easier with the new â€Å"Mosquito† ring tone-an annoying, extremely high-pitched tone most adults over 30 can not hear (and those who are over 30 and can hear it wish they couldn’t). Cell phones have also made bullying easier as well. Before phones were equipped with cameras, it was kind of hard to take a picture of someone changing in the locker room after gym class. Now, with a few pushes of a button, everyone can see you as you would rather they not. Another, less obvious, form of bullying comes in the guise of â€Å"Cell Phone Clubs.† In a local middle school here in Idaho, every girl in the sixth grade class with a cell phone is invited into the â€Å"Cell Phone Club.† Those who do not have a cell phone, whether right or not, whether conscious or not, are excluded from the club and cannot be included in the calls and texts until their parents buy them a phone.

myxococcus xanthus essays

myxococcus xanthus essays The bacteria Myxococcus Xanthus is a decomposer that moves and forms fruiting bodies to reproduce. These fruiting bodies are mounds that grow into mushroom cloud like bodies, where cells differentiate on the inside to form small spores that are heat and desiccation resistant. In her discussion of Myxococcus Xanthus, Dr. Hartzell addresses various complexes that make flagella-less movement possible for the bacteria. The researchers traced cell movements and found that Myxococcus Xanthus moves at a rate of 2.5 micrometers per minute. A rate that is slower than continental drift (3 micrometers per minute). Cell movements occur in two different forms: social (moving in groups of cells) and adventurous (individuals moving). Movement is found to be gene determined. Two genes were found to be required for any movement: mgl A and mgl B. Furthermore, there are specific genes required for social movement and specific genes required for adventurous movement. Mgl A, a magnesium dependant, is a GTP-ase (a protein that binds and cleaves GTP to GDP) like Ras. It was found that mgl A was necessary for development of the fruiting body and for movement, but not for growth of the cell. When mgl A binds to GDP, it is inactive. However, when it binds GTP, it is active. Then mgl A was sequenced and found to have one of the Aspartine amino acids exchanged for a Threonine. If mgl A was mutated to replace Threonine with Asoartine (the way it is in most Ras proteins), no movement or formation of the fruiting body occurred. Also, induced activation of this protein (forcing GTP to bind to it) causes movement, but not development of the fruiting body. The calcium dependent mgl B protein is also required for movement. Found right next to mgl A and transcribed at the same time, mgl B is believed to be a guanyl nucleotide release factor (REM for short). REMs facilitate the release of GDP from Ras type proteins (mgl A) so that it can bind more G...

SNP essays

SNP essays The Scottish National Party: A Struggle for Moderation Scotland is a nation without a state, and during its seven hundred years of history, the desire to found a Scottish state has always existed in one form or another. This essay began as an attempt to describe and comment on Scottish Nationalism as a movement in the United Kingdom. Instead, it has developed into a piece on one of the most influential separatist groups in Scotland, namely the Scottish National Party or SNP as it will be referred to throughout this essay. The SNP does not enter Scotland's long history until the Second World War, but the events leading to its formation are very important in understanding the political climate in Scotland today. Therefore, the discussion briefly reflects on pre twentieth century Scotland and how it pertains to Scotland's current political role and stature in Great Britain. Many similarities can be drawn between the modern day SNP and previous attempts at forming a national party in Scotland. This is yet another reason why a brief mention of Scottish history can be beneficial to the topic at hand. From this point on, the focus of the essay reverts to the creation, rise, and accomplishments of the SNP during this century. This is no small task because the depth of the SNP=s influence on Scottish politics, as well and its effect on the Union in general is a story which cannot entirely be told in a paper as short as this. However it is important to note that an attempt has been made here. Argued here, is the notion that the SNP has constantly tried to be the most complete and legitimate voice of Scottish Nationalism by drawing its members from all sides of the political spectrum. As a result they have suffered from violent divides in their organization and great threats to their future. More importantly however, these divides have threatened the realization of their objectives. As mentioned above Scottish history reaches ...

A piece of wire on the resistance Essay Example for Free

A piece of wire on the resistance Essay ? Resistance gives us an idea of how easily electrons flow through a conductor it is the opposition of a material to the flow of electricity through it. It is caused by the internal structure of the material and its atoms, and tends to convert electrical energy in to heat. It is measure in ohms (? ). To measure resistance you must first find the voltage, which is the change in current between to certain points in a circuit. Electricity gives us a way of transferring energy and voltage is a measure of the energy available per coulomb of charge passing. Then you also need the current, which is measured in amps, electrical current as occur when there is a drift of charged particles (electrons or ions) in a particular direction. However there are some effects of the current flowing through a wire, it tends to heat up. If you divide both the voltage and the amps you get the resistance. Resistance = Potential Difference (in V) Current (in A) There are four main factors that effect resistance, these are: As temperature increases, the resistance of the wire increases as well. Some metals are better conductors than others, for example Nichrome has more resistance than copper. The thickness of the wire affects it as well because the thicker the wire the more resistance there is.   And the one I am testing- As the length of the wire increases, as does the resistance because there is further for the energy the travel so it looses energy along the way. In 1826 Georg Ohm discovered that ‘the current flowing through a metal wire is proportional to the potential difference across it’. In other words if you double the potential difference the current is also doubled. However this law is only obeyed when all the conditions stay constant. However the shorter the wire the more energy is converted into heat due to more atoms for the electrons to collide with. So the wire temperature increases which was one factor that Ohm did not take into consideration. A battery supplies voltage to the circuit between its terminals. Ideally the voltage should stay constant, however it does not, this is because the battery itself has resistance and acts like a resistor. This is called internal resistance. Prediction: I predict that as I increase the length of the wire the resistance will also increase, because as the current goes through the wire the electrons lose energy because they collide with the atoms of the metal and they lose the energy via heat loss. This causes there to be a decreases in the push force that move the electrons around the circuit. If the wire is longer there will be more collisions and so the electrons will lose even more energy thus losing the push force. If I double the voltage the current will also increase because voltage and current are both proportional. However as stated above in my research I shall not expect this to be exactly correct because not everything in my circuit is not remaining constant the temperature of the wire should increase. Equipment: Energy source (batteries) Ammeter   Volt Meter   Metal wire 5 wires Plan:   I will set up my equipment ensuring that the volt meter is parallel to the metal wire I will then insert the 30 cm long wire and measure the amps and volts Then I will take away 5 cm off the wire and read off the ammeter and volt meter   I will repeat this till I have a 5 cm piece of wire. Diagram: Ammeter Volt Meter Wires Metal wire Batteries Preliminary Results and Changes: Length (cm) Voltage (V) Amps (A) Resistance 30cm cm After doing my preliminary experiment I have decided to do the test every 3 cm so it will go 30cm, 27cm, 24cm, 21cm etc. Results Results table 1 Length (cm) Voltage (V) Amps (A) Resistance 30cm. Results Table 2 Length (cm) Voltage (V) Amps (A) Resistance 30cm Results table 3 Length (cm) Voltage (V) Amps (A) Resistance 30cm Average Result for resistance Length of wire (cm) Average Resistance Conclusion I can now conclude that the resistance increases as the voltage (and current) increases because energy is lost as the electrons go through the wire and collide with the atoms. Having looked at my results and graph I can also conclude that the resistance is directly proportional to the length of wire because my graph is fairly straight. Despite the fact that hardly any off my points are exactly on the line, they follow the line of best fit and are very close to it. This shows that the resistance increases as the length of the wire increases due to more atoms for the electrons to collide with (see prediction and research for further details). Gradient y1 – y2 Two points: This shows that my line of best fit goes up very gradually. The graph that I have drawn is very misleading because it looks as though the line goes up steeply; this is because my scale is very big. If I half the scale my line would appear to go up at half the steepness. Resistance per centimeter   Evaluation My results in my opinion are fairly reliable we have the odd result as with most experiments, however on the whole our results and graph show that the current is directly proportional to the voltage and that was our aim in the beginning. Our graph is reliable despite the fact that only two results actually touch the line (this could be due to back readings off or a fault in our method) because all of our results follow the line and are very close to it. Regardless of getting reliable results except a few anomalous results we could have improved our method by ensuring that we had the set amount of wire in between the clip, for example 30cm, because when you add the clips it takes of about 2 cm so we could all of the experiment with the wire 2cm longer. Also as stated above in my research temperature has to remain a constant, which it was not because the smaller the wire got heat was lost so the resistance would be higher so maybe our lower results are not as reliable as the higher ones. Abigail Male 1st February 2002 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section. A piece of wire on the resistance. (2017, Oct 19).

Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter - Essay Example I completely agree with your observation that the California public education in the 20th century was at its ‘peaks of excellence’ and that the public elementary, secondary and higher education institutes in the state showed immense commitment and dedication in offering quality education to many. However, I am also shocked to see the decline of the standard of education in the state towards the end of the 20th century. I also feel that the decline in the educational system is evident in terms of the ‘overcrowded classrooms, insufficient books and supplies, inadequate compensation and lay-offs’. It was quite shocking to me when you rightly pointed out that it is not due to any financial problems or recession (because California still owns one sixth of U.S GDP) that the public education sector has suffered so much setbacks. I strongly agree with your argument that even though the state has all the resources and talents to afford quality education, it is becaus e of the political system, anti-tax political culture, wrong configuration of higher education system, and undue budget priorities that it lags behind in the realms of higher education.

Principles Of Auditing - Apple vs. Samsung Lawsuit Essay

Principles Of Auditing - Apple vs. Samsung Lawsuit - Essay Example Samsung, the two technology manufacturing giants. In this regard, the discussion of the case provides a critical understanding about the key reasons of stealing software and identifies if Apple or Samsung have disclosed any such information regarding the stealing of software. In addition, the discussion of the essay also highlights the process of disclosing information by these two technology manufacturers and explains the roles and the comments made by the auditors through this particular lawsuit between Apple and Samsung. In relation to the lawsuits associated with the software programs, Apple has been recognized to enter lawsuit by claiming a steal of software program by its core rival Samsung. According to the lawsuit, it has been identified that Apple acquired the community design registration in order to produce tablet computer in the year 2004. The team of Apple strongly believes the fact that a major portion of the buyers purchases a phone of Samsung by considering it as an iPhone. According to the team, there can be certain reasons of the customers for considering the phone of Samsung as an iPhone (Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, â€Å"Democratic, Republican Party Platforms Emphasize Internet Freedom†). Based on the lawsuit, it has been claimed by Apple that Samsung made an infringement by using comparable design of its Galaxy SII by stealing software programs from Apple iPhone 4S. Moreover, the court fillings written by the attorney of Apple has also claimed that Samsung has systematically copied innovative technology along with innovative features and designs of Apple by infringing devices in the smartphone and tablet business industry (The Guardian, â€Å"Apple Sues Samsung for $2bn as Tech Rivals head back to Court†). The litigation of copying design and features or menu structure of the operating software has been emerged in

The major issues between Israel and Palestine, in their not being able Essay - 1

The major issues between Israel and Palestine, in their not being able to reach a peace agreement - Essay Example However, history proved to be detrimental to their mission. The Land of Israel was conquered by Arabs for a millennium and was later renamed Palestine (Isseroff, 2007). Today, the Land of Israel as stated in the Old Testament encompasses both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine after it was divided by the United Nations after World War II; and the rest, as they say, is a bloody history (Isseroff, 2007). Before discussing some of the major issues in the conflict between Israel and Palestine, it must be noted that it is a conflict that is extremely complicated in that too many things have happened that have caused each peace agreement to fail. The deep-rooted enmity that has existed in Israelis and Palestinians through the centuries makes one major issue that it seems cannot be bypassed through several attempts to reach a peace agreement. It is like trying to reconcile two archenemies who are not yet ready to make peace with each other, with the level of mistrust increasing with every little wrong move (Bar-On, n.d.). Each camp seems to want to make sure that it is not being cheated, leading to violations in peace agreement stipulations. For instance, the Oslo Accord in 1993 seemed to have been working to keep the peace between the two warring peoples. At least, there were hopes that it would generate enough goodwill between the two opposing sides that a peace agreement can be reache d in the years after (Bar-On, n.d.). But it was not to be as â€Å"the murder of Prime Minister Rabin, the massive Palestinian terror attacks and Israeli continuous building in the settlements showed how deep and extensive was the drive to prevent a solution, rather than enhance it† (Bar-On, n.d.). Aside from the deep hatred each camp feels for the other, the rise of extremist parties, particularly Hamas in Palestine, has become Israel’s most recent scapegoat in protecting its

Applying Educational Thinking to Classroom Essay

Applying Educational Thinking to Classroom - Essay Example Critical thinking in relation to education has vast significance even at this generation. Many educators would admit the importance of applying educational thinking in the classroom which could be achieved if the teacher understands well her/his students' cognitive processes, as well as methodologies to carefully and effectively utilize those cognitive processes in learning. Thinking is important in learning; and learning usually takes place inside the classroom; therefore, a teacher must know how to manipulate classroom activities by means of applying procedural tools to help make learning experience more meaningful and enjoyable. Before the post-modern period, teachers used a traditional method which was rote-learning and memorization in which , students were not allowed to do scientific analysis; and information were simply introduced to students to memorize. Whereas, during the nineteenth century until the twentieth century, because of the modern way of learning, many innovations have come, technology was later became a significant phenomena of the modern generation. This is attributed to the discovery of critical thinking in the classroom. ... Among other factors in achieving learning, the pupil which is the center of the learning process has to be analyzed so that learning will be effective. The learners being the center of the teaching-learning process must be dealt with utmost enthusiasm and interest because as humans they have strength and weakness, they have brain that functions according to learning types; and most importantly, they have emotions. Learning has "some deficiencies" according to the authors; these deficiencies are "biological, psychological, social and emotional" (Stoll, Fink, and Earl). Other people would consider these as factors to learning that can affect the mental process of a student while inside the classroom. Learning therefore varies depending on the conditions provided, that is why, no same student acquires same degree of learning; and this is what teachers should realize in order to reach out to her students and meet their learning needs. Teacher for this reason should prepare her lessons well applying techniques and experiences to make it meaningful; and at the same time, teacher should make the classroom ambience suitable and conducive to learning. Learning can be enhanced by utilizing the senses of the students; in many cases especially children, about 90% of the lesson is retained in the mind if the students make use of senses in their learning experience. This success in the teaching-learning process can be achieved through involving these students in the learning process using a lesson a well-prepared lesson with materials and tools that can enhance their experience. After each session, the teacher must evaluate the outcome of the learning; and if possible,

What criticisms can be made of Margaret Thatcher's policies as Prime Essay

What criticisms can be made of Margaret Thatcher's policies as Prime Minister - Essay Example Thatcher's policies which include the reduction of taxes, reduction of inflation through the manipulation of money supply, privatization of public industries, suppressing trade union powers through introduction of laws, reduction of the role played by the government in the economy.According to Young (1993), Margaret Thatcher was the first female to become a prime minister in the UK. She was the leader of the Conservative Party and was in office for three consecutive terms. She is known to be the longest serving prime minister as she governed office from 1979 up to 1990. In most cases, she is referred to as the most divisive prime minister of the century. She was greatly reverence but also hated by the divided members of the public particularly because of her reaction towards the trade unions. Margaret Thatcher rule has been criticized as lacking proper and unified policies. Together with her government, she has been associated with several practices and ideals referred to as Thatcher ism (Evans, 2004). Critics have argued that Thatcherism is well known for its rhetoric and not what it achieved. It is viewed as being contradictory and that Thatcher’s rule was differentiated by its strategic purpose. In considering its challenges to the states existing features, Thatcherism is considered as a radical force. The presumptions and priorities which had been established in the prior years were criticized and then discarded. In 1979 when Margaret Thatcher came to power as the first prime minister in the UK,... She established several policies which included; reduction of inflation through the manipulation of money supply. She focused on the idea of monetarism and the free market economics. The conservative administration’s first policies were to handle the inflation and the budget deficit. The monetarism belief indicated that money supply had to be controlled in order to successfully control the inflation. The entire government deficit had to be reduced in order to be able to control money supply. This led to the implementation of deflationary policies. There was increase in tax rates and reduction on government spending. The policies which were intended to reduce inflation in return led to increase in the interest rates. It was possible to reduce inflation through the deflationary policies of both monetary and fiscal nature. This could be attained at the cost of reduced aggregate demand and reduced economic growth. The government continued to pursue deflationary policies regardless of the economy going down to full scale recession, and unemployment being on the rise. It led to several criticisms and a number of economists in the country signed a letter addressing the government to bring the recession to an end and to change the economic policy. Thatcher was greatly criticized by different individuals including those from her own party. According to critics, the reduction of inflation could have been performed with minimal impact. It caused unexpected level of unemployment, while seeking to attain bogus money supply. The unemployment affected individuals in different ways in that it resulted in personal and several social problems. The different riots that came up in Britain in 1981 were attributed to the high rate

The major issues between Israel and Palestine, in their not being able Essay - 1

The major issues between Israel and Palestine, in their not being able to reach a peace agreement - Essay Example However, history proved to be detrimental to their mission. The Land of Israel was conquered by Arabs for a millennium and was later renamed Palestine (Isseroff, 2007). Today, the Land of Israel as stated in the Old Testament encompasses both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine after it was divided by the United Nations after World War II; and the rest, as they say, is a bloody history (Isseroff, 2007). Before discussing some of the major issues in the conflict between Israel and Palestine, it must be noted that it is a conflict that is extremely complicated in that too many things have happened that have caused each peace agreement to fail. The deep-rooted enmity that has existed in Israelis and Palestinians through the centuries makes one major issue that it seems cannot be bypassed through several attempts to reach a peace agreement. It is like trying to reconcile two archenemies who are not yet ready to make peace with each other, with the level of mistrust increasing with every little wrong move (Bar-On, n.d.). Each camp seems to want to make sure that it is not being cheated, leading to violations in peace agreement stipulations. For instance, the Oslo Accord in 1993 seemed to have been working to keep the peace between the two warring peoples. At least, there were hopes that it would generate enough goodwill between the two opposing sides that a peace agreement can be reache d in the years after (Bar-On, n.d.). But it was not to be as â€Å"the murder of Prime Minister Rabin, the massive Palestinian terror attacks and Israeli continuous building in the settlements showed how deep and extensive was the drive to prevent a solution, rather than enhance it† (Bar-On, n.d.). Aside from the deep hatred each camp feels for the other, the rise of extremist parties, particularly Hamas in Palestine, has become Israel’s most recent scapegoat in protecting its

What criticisms can be made of Margaret Thatcher's policies as Prime Essay

What criticisms can be made of Margaret Thatcher's policies as Prime Minister - Essay Example Thatcher's policies which include the reduction of taxes, reduction of inflation through the manipulation of money supply, privatization of public industries, suppressing trade union powers through introduction of laws, reduction of the role played by the government in the economy.According to Young (1993), Margaret Thatcher was the first female to become a prime minister in the UK. She was the leader of the Conservative Party and was in office for three consecutive terms. She is known to be the longest serving prime minister as she governed office from 1979 up to 1990. In most cases, she is referred to as the most divisive prime minister of the century. She was greatly reverence but also hated by the divided members of the public particularly because of her reaction towards the trade unions. Margaret Thatcher rule has been criticized as lacking proper and unified policies. Together with her government, she has been associated with several practices and ideals referred to as Thatcher ism (Evans, 2004). Critics have argued that Thatcherism is well known for its rhetoric and not what it achieved. It is viewed as being contradictory and that Thatcher’s rule was differentiated by its strategic purpose. In considering its challenges to the states existing features, Thatcherism is considered as a radical force. The presumptions and priorities which had been established in the prior years were criticized and then discarded. In 1979 when Margaret Thatcher came to power as the first prime minister in the UK,... She established several policies which included; reduction of inflation through the manipulation of money supply. She focused on the idea of monetarism and the free market economics. The conservative administration’s first policies were to handle the inflation and the budget deficit. The monetarism belief indicated that money supply had to be controlled in order to successfully control the inflation. The entire government deficit had to be reduced in order to be able to control money supply. This led to the implementation of deflationary policies. There was increase in tax rates and reduction on government spending. The policies which were intended to reduce inflation in return led to increase in the interest rates. It was possible to reduce inflation through the deflationary policies of both monetary and fiscal nature. This could be attained at the cost of reduced aggregate demand and reduced economic growth. The government continued to pursue deflationary policies regardless of the economy going down to full scale recession, and unemployment being on the rise. It led to several criticisms and a number of economists in the country signed a letter addressing the government to bring the recession to an end and to change the economic policy. Thatcher was greatly criticized by different individuals including those from her own party. According to critics, the reduction of inflation could have been performed with minimal impact. It caused unexpected level of unemployment, while seeking to attain bogus money supply. The unemployment affected individuals in different ways in that it resulted in personal and several social problems. The different riots that came up in Britain in 1981 were attributed to the high rate

Drunk Driving Essay Example for Free

Drunk Driving Essay Driving while under the influence is a serious problem in our present society. According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes kill someone every 31 minutes and injures someone every two minutes. (â€Å"Impaired Driving†) What should be a cause of concern is that the youths are most often involved in alcohol related driving accidents. Statistics shows that although young drivers make up only 14% of the US Population, youths aged 16-24 have been involved in 28% of the alcohol-related driving accidents. Despite these statistics however I believe that we still should not conclude that youths are most dangerous drivers and are the sole responsible for cases of drinking and drunk driving. I believe that the incidence of alcohol related accidents involving young drivers are aggravated by the fact that these drivers are not only relatively inexperienced drivers because of their young age but also because they have less tolerance for alcohol compared to an adult. It must be stressed however that drinking and the cases of drunk driving have been declining among young drivers. Studies show that drinking among the youth has been consistently dropping. Research shows that there is a downward trend of alcohol consumption among high school students according to a PRIDE Survey released Sept. 1999 which states that the proportion of both junior and senior high school students who have consumed any alcohol during the year has dropped again for the third year in a row. This is confirmed by in a study which declared that within a period of about 20 years, the proportion of American high school seniors who have ever consumed alcohol is down 13%; have consumed alcohol within the previous year is down 15%; have consumed alcohol within previous 30 days is down 27%; have recently consumed alcohol daily is down 67%; have binged is down 24%. (â€Å"Young Drivers and Alcohol†) Thus, my message for the youth of today is that the perception that more and more high school students are drinking and are driving even when drunk is without any substance and basis. Empirical research has proven these perceptions to be inaccurate. High school students who are not into drinking or driving while being under the influence of alcohol should not therefore be pressured into doing the same because such is not the norm in our present society but a mere deviance. The norm is still that young people are staying away from alcohol and that more and more young people do not drive when drunk. Although alcohol problems and drunk driving have been on a downward trend, the reality is that too many young people end up dead or seriously injured as a result of the incidence of drunk driving in our society. Countless lives have been lost and we expect thousands more to die if drunk driving will continue to be tolerated by our contemporary society. Increasing the period of imprisonment is I think a reactive solution as most people who are drunk no longer have the presence of mind to think of the possible penalty that will be meted against them when they are caught. A proactive solution to this problem is the conduct of awareness programs on the extent of this problem. People have to become aware that when they drink and drive they become a danger not only to themselves but to other people as well. There is a high probability that they could either get killed or kill an innocent civilian. The second step will be for the society as a whole to be vigilant and not to tolerate people who drink and drive. This can be done by means of social disapproval or pressuring a friend not to drink especially when he will drive. Friends and family members play a very important part in the success of this task since they are considered authority figures who may persuade a person not to drink or a person who is drunk not to drive. This message will not back in the sense that the youth will begin to think that drinking and drunk driving are the norms because I have established that such is not the case. Empirical research has shown that there is no scientific basis in the statement that more and more youth people are drinking alcohol and are drinking while being under the influence of alcohol. Not only did I establish that drinking and drunk driving are not social norms but I also established that people in our present society would rather stay away from such vices. Further, my message placed the responsibility for drinking and drunk driving not only to the person who is drunk but also to the families, relatives and friends of the person who is drunk. We cannot stop this problem by increasing the period of imprisonment, rather, every member of our society must be vigilant and take an active part in controlling this problem.

Strong Culture and Organizational Effectiveness

Strong Culture and Organizational Effectiveness Organizational culture is the pattern of shared values and beliefs that help individuals understand organizational functioning. The characteristics that captures the essence of organizations culture include member identity, group emphasis, people focus, unit integration, control, risk tolerance, reward criteria, conflict tolerance, means-end orientation, and open system focus. Appraising the organization on these ten characteristics gives a composite picture of the organizations culture. However, we have strong culture and weak culture. Strong cultures are those in which organizational values and beliefs are widely shared and significantly influence peoples behaviour on the job. Organizations with a strong culture create clear and coherent values and expect that members agree with and care intensely about those values. Denison identifies four key traits that an organization should master in order to be effective as mission, consistency, involvement, and adapt ­ability. Strong organizational cultures have been linked to increased staff alignment, resulting in enhanced organizational effectiveness. However some research shows that strong cultures may enhance short-term success but inhibit long-term organizational performance, and may even contribute to long-term failure by preventing organizations from adapting to changing contingencies. TABLE OF CONTENTS (JUMP TO) 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Culture 1.2 Organizational culture 1.3 Strong culture and weak culture 2.0 Strong culture and organizational effectiveness 2.1 Subculture 3.0 Leadership role in organizational effectiveness 4.0 Conclusion 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 CULTURE Culture is the way we do things are done around here (Schein, 1985) defining the actions of an organization in overt and covert ways, and when change takes place (Smollan, 2009). Culture can also be defined as the collective programming of the mind (Hofstede, 2005). According to Jan Vom (2011), two significant elements covers the scope of culture: (1) cultures manifestation (2) scope of the referenced group. Cultures manifestation Organizations culture is manifested through visible structures and strategies (Jan Vom, 2011). The three layers of culture related to its manifestation are; artefacts, espoused values, and basic underlying assumptions (Schein, 2004 as quoted in Jan Vom, 2011). The visible artefact through which culture is manifested includes companys symbols, its products, architecture, way of dressing, typical behaviours and rituals. It is important to connect artefacts to values. Espoused values are less visible and encompass publicly expressed strategies, goals, norms and rules that provide the daily operating doctrine for members of the organization. Basic underlying assumptions are a subconscious part of the culture which accounts for a mental map of fundamental aspects of life such as the nature of time and space, the role of social hierarchies, and the relative importance of work, family, and self-development. These represent the essence of culture. Scope of the referenced group Reference group refers to the set of people an individual perceives as belonging to his or her work environment which defines the social world of work in which he or she engages, including people with whom the individual does and does not communicate (Lawrence, 2006). Thus, the referenced group are the people within the context of the culture. The scope of the culture is defined depending on the referenced group (Jan Vom, 2011). 1.2 ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Organizational culture has been defined by numerous authors in different ways. Deshpande and Webster (1989) define organizational culture as the pattern of shared values and beliefs that help individuals understand organizational functioning thus providing norms for behaviour in the organization. In contrast, other authors such as Schein (1985) have put forward that culture is best thought of as a psychological tendency, which he refers to as basic assumptions, that members of an organization learns as it solves its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, and considered valid because it is successful, and then taught to new members to use when facing those problems. However, no matter how we choose to define culture, culture is an important aspect of an organization, and organizations with strong culture increase the chances that members can execute its objectives and increase organizational performance by enlightening members on those objectives (Pottruck, 2001). Chantman, and Chaldwell (1991) quoted in Dwivedi (1995) suggests that the ten primary characteristics that, in aggregate, capture the essence of organizations culture includes: Member identity: how employees identify with the organization as a whole rather than with their type of job or field of professional expertise. Group emphasis: The degree to which work activities are organised around groups rather than individuals. People focus: the degree to which management decisions taken into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. Unit integration: the degree to which units within the organization are encouraged to operate in a coordinated or interdependent manner. Control: the degree to which rules, regulations, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behaviour. Risk tolerance: the degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking. Reward criteria: the degree to which rewards such as salary increases and promotions are allocated according to employees performance rather than seniority, favouritism, or other non- performance factors. Conflict tolerance: the degree to which employees are encouraged to air conflicts and criticisms openly. Means-ends orientation: the degree to which management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to achieve those outcomes. Open system focus: the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment. These characteristics reflect the organizations value and are used to determine an organizations culture. Depending on its strength, it can bring about organizational effectiveness (Dwivedi, 1995). However, some researchers have questioned how well strong cultures improve organizational performance. According to Denison (1990), organizations with strong cultures had greater returns on investments, but this only happens in the short run, after three years the relationship between cultural consistency and performance becomes negative. Also, Alicia (2002) is of the opinion that strong cultures may facilitate short-term success but inhibit long-term organizational performance, and may even contribute to long-term failure by preventing organizations from adapting to changing contingencies. Thus, while cultural strength may bring about increase in organizational performance in the short run, they may also inhibit an organizations ability to adapt, change, and innovate. 1.3 STRONG CULTURE AND WEAK CULTURE An organizations culture can either be strong or weak depending on the degree of alignment of the organizations value and employees response to stimuli because of their alignment with it (Olivier, 2009). Strong cultures: Here, organizational values and beliefs are widely shared with significant influence on peoples behaviour with respect to their job (John, 2006). It encompasses the ability to influence and motivate organizational members to act in an approved manner in the organization, and also an agreement on the part of members, regarding the importance of the organizational values (Schein, 2004). Weak cultures: Here, there is lack of motivation by the members of the organization, and it encompasses little or no  strategy-implementing assistance since there are no traditions, beliefs, values, common bonds, or behavioural norms that  management  can use to motivate to execute the chosen strategy (John, 2006). 2.0 STRONG CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS Culture has long been regarded as essential to organizational effectiveness (Schein, 1992). According to Alicia (2002); Organizations with a strong culture create clear and coherent values and expect members to care and agree with those values, even if core values emphasize dissent and creativity (Flynn Chatman, 2001). Chatman (2002) is of the opinion that organizations attain strategic advantages through strong cultures. For example, Southwest Airlines has better performance than its competitors, over a period of time, due to its strong culture of focusing on keeping costs low and customers happy. However, Denison (1990) postulated a model that highlights the four key traits of organizational culture, which includes; mission, consistency, involvement, adaptability. Denisons research has demonstrated that effective organizations have high culture scores in all four traits. Thus, effective organizations are likely to have cultures that are adaptive, yet highly consistent and predictable, and that foster high involvement, but do so within the context of a shared sense of mission. External Focus (Adaptability + Mission) The adaptation hypothesis asserts that an organization must hold a system of norms and beliefs which support the capacity of an organization to receive, interpret, and translate signals from its environment into internal behavioural changes that increase its chances for survival, growth and development (Denison, 1990). Schein (1985) emphasizes that a culture usually consists of some adaptive collective behavioural responses, and the capacity to manage these responses is key to organizations effectiveness. A mission, on the other hand, provides purpose and meaning by defining a social role for an institution and defining the relevance of individual roles as related to the institutional role (Denison, 1990). Hence, an organization that is focused on adapting and changing in response to the external environment, and also has well defined goals and objectives has a strong external focus which is key to organizational effectiveness. A strong external focus typically impacts revenue, sales growth, and market share (Denison, 2006). Internal Focus (Involvement + Consistency) High levels of involvement and participation create a sense of ownership and responsibility (Denison, 1990). Members of an organization are able carry out coordinated action when they shared system of beliefs, and values, which are widely understood. Consistency involves defining the values and systems that are the basis of a strong culture. Strong organizational culture which is consistent leads to organizational effectiveness by priding itself on the quality of its products or services. An organization with strong internal focus has higher levels of quality, fewer defects, less rework, good resource utilization, and high employee satisfaction (Denison, 2006). Flexibility (Adaptability + Involvement) A flexible organization has the capability to change in response to the environment with focus is on the marketplace and its people. An organization that is flexible has higher levels of product and service innovation, creativity, and a fast response to the changing needs of customers and employees (Denison, 2006). Stability (Mission + Consistency) A stable organization has the capacity to remain focused and predictable over time. An organization that is stable has high return on assets, investments and sales, as well as strong busi ­ness operations (Denison, 2006). Hence an organization should master these key traits and strengthen its culture in order to be effective. According to Barney (1986), strong organizational culture facilitates increased staff alignment, thus strengthening organizational effectiveness, and increasing employee productivity and commitment. However, on the contrary, Gagliardi (1986) suggested that organizations with strong cultures are only capable of a limited change because of resistance by members to changing those strongly held and widely shared values. For example, such resistance threatened the survival of Westinghouse electrical company in the 1950s, by preventing it from reaping any benefits from acquiring a factory automation business. It was concluded that the failure was due to the organizations culture of merging an entrepreneurial organizational activity into a relatively slow-moving, large American corporation (Nohria, Dwyer, Dalzell, 2002). This further reinforces the point that cultural strength increases organizational performance, but only in the short run, they may also inhibit an organizations ability to change. However Alicia (2002) suggests that organizations facing such problems can use subcultures to become more agile and to drive innovation. 2.1 SUBCULTURE Subcultures are groups whose common characteristic is a set of shared norms and beliefs, formed based on an array of individual, societal, and organizational characteristics (Chatman, 2002). Organizational subcultures may be based on membership in various groups (departments, workgroups, and teams), levels of hierarchies, professional and occupational affiliations, socio-demographic categories (sex, ethnicity, age, or nationality) and performance-related variables such as organizational commitment and work performance (Trice Beyer, 1993 quoted by Chatman, 2002) Hofstede (1998) suggested that subculture provides information about employees perceptions of the organization, and thus managers lack of awareness of existing or potential subcultures can be damaging. As mentioned earlier, members of strong cultures may resist change, and change within strong culture organizations may lead to conflict. Subcultures can absorb this conflict, with the value of the organizational culture intact. Thus, subcultures may offer a way for organizations with strong culture to be flexible enough to change and adapt to external occurrences (Chatman, 2002). 3.0 LEADERSHIP ROLE IN ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS According to Bryman (1992), the leader could alter or impact the organizational culture. Weese (1995) suggested that leaders have tempered positions relative to the impact that a leader can have on shaping and preserving the culture of an organization, that the culture is the organization, not something that the organization possesses, and consequently, culture change is an arduous assignment. Hence, transformational leaders are needed to help shape and maintain the desired culture of an organization (Schein, 1993), which may link to organizational effectiveness. High transformational leaders possess strong organizational cultures and carry out culture-building activities, especially the customer-orientation function, to a greater extent than other leaders do (Weese, 1995). Also, Bass and Avolio (1992) suggested that transformational leadership and organizational culture is vital to organizational effectiveness. Yukl (1994) defined transformational leadership as the process of influencing major changes in the attitudes and assumptions of organizational members and building commitment for the organizations mission, objectives and strategies. Leaders should therefore focus on developing a strong organizational culture which supports achieving set goals and objectives, coordinated team work, customer orientation, as well as managing change in the organization. 4.0 CONCLUSION It has been established that culture has a significant impact on organizations performance. Organizations with strong culture, and are able to maintain its stability enjoy better performance than weaker cultural organizations. Organizations should pay attention to mission, consistency, involvement, and adapt ­ability in order to have organizational effectiveness (Denison, 2006). Also, it is important for transformational leaders to possess a stronger organizational culture. However, strong cultures may inhibit an organizations ability to change, but such organizations can use subcultures to become more agile and to drive innovation (Chatman, 2002).

Case Management Essay -- BUsiness, Insurance Companies, Clients

The focus of this paper is case management. Case management has evolved into a diverse profession which includes many disciplines and is exercised in many settings. Case management involves the process of coordinating multiple services on behalf of clients and has been practiced now for several decades. Many disciplines have engaged in case management and identify themselves as case managers. Case managers work with many populations and settings and play an important role in today’s society. The following analysis explores how case management developed, how it is defined, its components, and how it relates to other nursing care delivery models. All these aspects are reviewed with the purpose to show the importance of case management in the health care organization. Case Management Case management has become the standard method of managing health care delivery organizations today. In recent decades, case management has become widespread throughout healthcare areas, professionals, and models in the United States; and has been extended to a wide range of clients (Park & Huber, 2009). Regardless of the setting, case management ensures that care is oriented to the client, while controlling costs at the same time. Case management delivers quality care to patients in the most cost effective approach by managing human and material resources. Client advocacy is a strong underlying theme for all case management activities. Case managers share the same goals and standards of practice, but are multidisciplinary and have diverse academic educational backgrounds and work environments (Park & Huber, 2009). The need for case management and case managers continue to increase as new service needs, and populations are recognized.... ...jured, chronically ill, and high cost cases (Jacob & Cherry, 2007). Conclusion Only within recent decades case management has been introduced, but has been proven to be a significant segment of the healthcare workforce today. There have been several changes to case management over the last few decades, and the future for case management is very diverse. Case management offers many benefits to both the client and the health care organization. In addition, case management plays a key role in a client’s road to recovery. Most importantly, case managers have a vital role overseeing their client’s transition from the hospital setting back into the community and ensuring all service needs are met. Moreover, the opportunities and need for case managers working with many populations and settings are great, and may ultimately lead to better health for individuals.

Stellar Evolution Essay -- Astronomy Space Cosmos Papers

Stellar Evolution A star begins as nothing more than a very light distribution of interstellar gases and dust particles over a distance of a few dozen lightyears. Although there is extremely low pressure existing between stars, this distribution of gas exists instead of a true vacuum. If the density of gas becomes larger than .1 particles per cubic centimeter, the interstellar gas grows unstable. Any small deviation in density, and because it is impossible to have a perfectly even distribution in these clouds this is something that will naturally occur, and the area begins to contract. This happens because between about .1 and 1 particles per cubic centimeter, pressure gains an inverse relationship with density. This causes internal pressure to decrease with increasing density, which because of the higher external pressure, causes the density to continue to increase. This causes the gas in the interstellar medium to spontaneously collect into denser clouds. The denser clouds will contain molecu lar hydrogen (H2) and interstellar dust particles including carbon compounds, silicates, and small impure ice crystals. Also, within these clouds, there are 2 types of zones. There are H I zones, which contain neutral hydrogen and often have a temperature around 100 Kelvin (K), and there are H II zones, which contain ionized hydrogen and have a temperature around 10,000 K. The ionized hydrogen absorbs ultraviolet light from it’s environment and retransmits it as visible and infrared light. These clouds, visible to the human eye, have been named nebulae. The density in these nebulae is usually about 10 atoms per cubic centimeter. In brighter nebulae, there exists densities of up to several thousand atoms per cubic centimete... ...J. Stellar Evolution. London: Pergamon Press, 1967. Shklovskii, Iosif S. Stars: Their Birth, Life, and Death. Moscow: Central Press for Literature in Physics and Mathematics, 1975. Livio, Mario. Unsolved Problems in Stellar Evolution. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 2000. Websites: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_astrophysics Encyclopedia of Astronomy Terms http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/how_l1/spectral_what.html NASA’s Introduction to Spectral Analysis http://zebu.uoregon.edu/textbook/se.html Hypertext Book on Stellar Evolution @ The University of Oregon http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/starlog/staspe.html#c1 Star Spectral Classifications @ Georgia State University http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/PR/96/22/pulsars.html How Pulsars Are Formed @ The Space Telescope Science Institute

Marginalized Indian women in Inner Courtyard Essay

Inner Courtyard is a large compilation of short stories which is basically based upon the female issues in particular subjugation under the patriarchal order. The stories are written by women about women hailing from all corners of India and Pakistan – Assam to Kerala and Pakistan to Bengal. With the title of the collection, it gives readers an apparent impression about women’s freedom radius is only the inner courtyard of house. So is in the Vedas, the Gita and other Hindu religious scriptures, women are posed as the beings of house, crossing the threshold of house is rigorously outlawed. Equality between sexes is beyond imagination. Education remained a dream for the women and the conception of human beings as morally and intellectually capable of being educated and civilized is refused, and the conviction of the moral and intellectual advancement of humankind would result in greater happiness for everybody is deliberately sidetracked. This and many more lifeblood threads are far stretched and inconsiderate with regard to women and their rights. The book introduces with the first story highlighting this very theme. The editor of the book Laxmi Holmstrom brings out a fabulous collection of short stories from very diverse walks of life dealing each of the stories with single theme of women being marginalized, harassed, humiliated – female discrimination. In this line, many stories are powerful on their own; most have some element that reflects on the position of the society. Male ascendancy is always at honour while female’s is at stake. There is a vast disparity between an Indian woman and that of the developed nations across the world. The female honour and rights rest upon the basics of respective nations’ culture, in this respect India as a nation of strong and prehistoric culture bound by the religious scriptures cited above abandon women lamenting every moment. Their identity is always subject to the male mercy than that of the natural human rights. They are left pondering over the negligible status in the Indian set up as in Revenge Herself; the Tatri; a Brahmin woman of lowest strata in Brahmin community in Kerala, mothers in Girls, Summer Vacation, My Beloved Charioteer and Her Mother or even Sakina of The Meeting. The First Party is also an analogous illustration which encounters the husband’s vanity being modern and wise person while his wife an odd one out in the party. The first story Revenge Herself by Lalitambika Antarjanam in the collection is a powerful tale of a fallen Nambudiri woman of the 19th century. Her name itself has become a synonym for shameful among the patriarchal Nambudiri. According to the Tatri traditional, such woman’s life is giving away herself to husband in everything without any self for herself. So does she, she marries a man whom she offers herself in order â€Å"to please him in his taste of sex with the same attention I have for his taste for food†. But one point of time, he disregards her for other women and leaves her. Further he even brings a prostitute into the house and asks to become like her, â€Å"If you could be like her, I might like you better†. This results in her rebellion to revenge against her husband. She leaves his house, sets out to become a whore, working hard to learn how to please a man and eventually becomes an admired courtesan and one day her husband visits her then she reveals herself as the same Tatri; his wife who he has expected to become like a whore. In this case who would Tatri have teamed up for executing her rebellion? Society has so trained its peers that it would be impossible for anyone to entertain even remotely the ideas that she puts into execution. Summer Vacation by Kamala Das is a sweet childhood story narrated by Muthassi (grandmother) whom she visits alone. Her father drops her off at the station of Muthassi’s place. Vaidehi Akku is a story of Akku; a husbandless daughter of the patriarchal family. She exposes herself wherever her beauty can be exhibited by wearing new saris and jewelry at weddings or whatever which seems like a social objection in terms of the cultural and conservative norms. The other major story of the book is Girls by Mrinal Pande it is about three sisters and their mother who is pregnant for the fourth time for a son. They go to her Nani’s (maternal grandmother) for having the baby while their father stays back. At the outset itself, the mother refrains with, â€Å"I hope it is a boy this time. It will relieve me of the nuisance of going through another pregnancy†. Even the Nani prays god for protecting her honour so that at the fourth time she would take a son back from her parents’ home. Taking the thread of Nani, neighbour comments that the last time her skin had a pinkish tinge, now it is yellow; it is sure to be a son. Another feature of the story shares the issue with marginalization in the family, this relates to the masi of the sisters. She complains about her endurance in the house and put to work as a dog so is duly responded by all women. In continuance of the first issue of gender discrimination, the following statement carries serious social consideration when their father assures that there is a bright star in the sky and they work hard they can become anything they want to just as Dhruva star, the author in the girl’s character asks, â€Å"But I can’t become a boy, can I? † This marks grave place in girls’/women’s hearts and pains for longer or perhaps lifelong. In case of the girl in the story, the girl rebels at the occasion of Ashtami (kanyakumari) puja calling the society if they do not love girls they should not pretend to worship them either. This story illustrates the scenario of a male dominating world and how female gender is subjugated. The opening introduces characters of the story. Despite the fact that how the story is set in a male dominating there is very little to mention of the male gender. The first sentence is bold and exasperated, desensitized mother who thinks that girls have no visage and always looks forward to the boys. Yellow Fish by Ambai – a simple two page story compares the torture a fish feeling on being tossed out of the sea to the anxiety of a woman’s feelings. The story shares any Indian woman’s feelings and her freedom of choice and life is at the patriarchal order. The next finest story of the collection is Ismat Chughtai’s Chauthi ka Jaura. The greatest mission of the Siddiqui in life is to provide a husband for the elder daughter Naseema who is not gifted in matters of health or features. She is frail and un-voluptuous and has a thin hair. When the daughter’s cousin comes to stay with them for some time as part of his professional training, it proves to be a godsend to them. They begin plotting to arrange the cousin’s interest in the elder daughter but instead, the younger and more daring daughter is sent as the messenger with the proposition. Due to this circumstantial misunderstanding, the cousin agrees to marry, but with the younger sister, without knowledge of the fact, the ladies of the house rejoice. The cousin can no longer control himself and grabs the younger girl. The elder daughter commits suicide at that. After some time, the ladies continue to stitch the Chautha ka Jaura while the younger daughter sits and looks at them without response and careless. Another beautiful story is the First Party by Attia Hossain which depicts in marvelous manner the conventional or orthodox women being put to stake at the cost of sophistication and modern life traits. The woman in the story is just married and taken to a modern party to be introduced wherein all sophisticated people gather and enjoy, drink, eat and dance with their or different partners. The woman is not used to it though she hails from an equally affluent family. She feels embarrassed among the people involved in partying. Being pressed by her husband and others, she refuses to involve but keep sitting aside with a glass in hand. At such demeanor, he feels being humiliated and dishonoured having such unrefined and orthodox wife as the partying people laugh at his wife. Should education, if imparted to women, not play major and vital contribution in women’s life in totality as in the case of this woman of the First Party? Or who should be responsible for her being orthodox and traditional, respecting the culture which in many terms is treasured the patriarchal order or the women or even the culture itself? The Meeting by Shama Fatehally also comes out with similar male mindset in the Indian social set up. The protagonist of the story; a Muslim unmarried girl is given a marriage proposal which incredibly unexpected for Sakina who is so fat like ‘elephantine’ and nothing in looks to mention. She is nostalgic by the thought of the proposal. She is apprehensive about the person to be ‘a real man’. It gives way out to dreaming about the boy to be a handsome person like a dream hero etc. Her father criticises her for daydreaming. True to it, it proves to be a foil to her dream as her partner is not a boy but a middle aged man. Father forgets that a human being dreams and marriage of either female or male is dreamt about the partner. A general question can be posed to the society, should the women looking ugly or whatever not have right to dreaming like the counterparts in boys and men who may be equally looking ugly or so. If men hold the right, women should also possess. Shashi Deshpande’s My Beloved Charioteer and Mahasweta Devi’s Dopdi picturise the similar stories of women being victimised at every stage of life whether as a girl, married woman, mother or even old woman. Grandmother in the former story is a sheer victim of the patriarchal order even before her marriage till her husband’s death. She feels envious at her daughter’s happy married life and when her affliction for her dead husband for whom she gives up her own and her daughter’s life. It is a shock to the readers. The latter story deals with the extreme brutality of human beings towards the woman. It relates to Mahabharata’s Draupadi on how she was humiliated publicly which added to the pride of the then men folk. All this went for no fault of Draupadi. This cruelty ever since continues witnessing and spreading the message. Dopdi of this story is a tribal woman revolts against the society at large but beaten by the treachery of the militancy and raped inhumanly. L. Vishwapriya’s the Library Girl is an impressive story and only optimistic story of the book where woman is honoured and let free to read and roam around the town though a Muslim girl. But it does keep the thrust of dishonoring the girl as she comes of age. She is put into golden cage; a Persian robe (burqa). She thinks the robe adding beauty to her personality but hidden it in the guise of the robe. Her budding beauty is hidden from the malicious eyes about which she is unaware. The book offers both detailed argumentation and passionate eloquence in opposition to the social inequalities commonly imposed upon women by a patriarchal culture. Just as in revolutionary Lalitambika Antarjanam defends the emancipation of women on utilitarian grounds. The legal subordination of one sex to another is immoral in itself and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a system of perfect equality, admitting no power and privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other. Women are brought up to act as if they were weak, emotional, docile – a traditional prejudice. If tried equality, the results can be seen benefitting to individual women. They would be free of the unhappiness of being told what to do by men. And there are benefits for society at large doubling the mass of mental faculties available for the higher service of humanity. The ideas and potential of half the population would be liberated, producing a great effect on human development. These marginalised women have today set their feet on all fields and corners of life with regard to education and professional assignments. A long way witnesses many such destinations, if she is equal and free.